The case of the French elections of 2017 and the #MacronLeaks affair. The French elections of April 2017 come after the François Hollande presidency, whom is a left-wing figure of the “Parti Socialiste”. His presidency was marked by several crisis such as the terrorist attack of Paris. He faced many complex situations that exposed him as an unpopular and unserious candidate for the election. As a result, the first poll draws the left parties as weakened and the right party (L

Wagner’s Information Warfare in Mali and the Central African Republic (2017–2023): Fueling Anti-French Sentiment and Legitimizing Russia I first became interested in Wagner’s activities in Africa when I stumbled upon a short video on social media showing a local radio promoting pro-Russian messages. I was shocked at how these narratives could influence people’s opinions, and I wanted to understand the bigger picture behind these operations. Image from LCI youtube channel  (  

If you have read the online news on the Ukrainian conflict this morning, your opinion may have changed on the relevance of the Western economic and military support. Are you sure you read your favorite online media? Was the tweet with a screenshot on the front page of your favorite newspaper true? There is maybe a chance that you saw a false website, and you have been misled by a vast pro-Russian disinformation campaign, the Doppelgänger Operation. The worst part is that you